LUBRICANT
(Sometimes
referred to as "lube") is a substance (often a liquid) introduced
between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them,
improving efficiency and reducing wear.
Have
the function of dissolving foreign particles. Petroleum-based lubricants
like Vaseline tend to dissolve petroleum products such as rubber and
plastic; water-based lubricants will dissolve polar chemicals;
silicone-based lubricants can breakdown silicone toys.
It protects the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment.
Contain
90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and
less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as
hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicone, fluorocarbons and many
others are sometimes used as base oils.
Lubricants
are comprised of a base fluid, usually of petroleum origin, combined
with added chemicals that enhance performance. Base fluids are collected
from two main sources. Refined crude oil or a mixture of chemical
compounds that perform the same task.
Types of Lubricant Additives
There are many types of chemical additives mixed into base
oils to enhance the properties of the base oil, to suppress some undesirable
properties of the base oil and possibly to impart some new properties.
Additives typically make up about 0.1 to 30 percent of the
finished lubricating oil, depending upon the target application of the
lubricant.
Lubricant additives are expensive
chemicals, and creating the proper mix or formulation of additives is a very
complicated science. It is the choice of additives that differentiates a
turbine (R&O) oil from a hydraulic oil,
a gear oil
and an engine oil.
Many lubricant additives are available, and they are
selected for use based upon their ability to perform their intended
function. They are also chosen for their ability to mix easily with the
selected base oils, to be compatible with other additives in the formulation
and to be cost effective.
Some additives perform their function within the body of the
oil (e.g., anti-oxidants), while others do their work on the surface of the
metal (e.g., anti-wear additives and rust inhibitors).
PURPOSE or FUNCTION OF A LUBRICANT
Keep moving parts apart.
Reduce friction.
Transfer heat.
Carry away contaminants & debris.
Transmit power.
Protect against wear.
Prevent corrosion.
Seal for gasses.
Stop the risk of smoke and fire of objects.
Lubricant Additives
A large number of additives are used to impart performance
characteristics to the lubricants. The main families of additives are
Antioxidants.
Oxidation is the general attack of the weakest components of
the base oil by oxygen in the air. It occurs at all temperatures all of
the time but is accelerated at higher temperatures and by the presence of
water, wear metals and other contaminants.
It ultimately causes acids (which produce corrosion) and
sludge (which results in surface deposits and viscosity to increase) to
form. Oxidation inhibitors, as they are also called, are used to extend
the operating life of the oil.
They are sacrificial additives that are consumed while
performing their duty of delaying the onset of oxidation, thus protecting the
base oil. They are present in almost every lubricating oil and grease.
Detergents.
Detergents perform two functions. They help to keep
hot metal components free of deposits (clean) and neutralize acids that form in
the oil. Detergents are primarily used in engine oils and are alkaline or
basic in nature.
They form the basis of the reserve alkalinity of engine
oils, which is referred to as the base number
(BN). They are typically materials of calcium and magnesium
chemistry. Barium-based detergents were used in the past but are rarely
used now.
Since these metal compounds leave an ash deposit when the
oil is burned, they may cause unwanted residue to form in high-temperature
applications. Due to this ash concern, many OEMs are specifying low-ash
oils for equipment operating at high temperatures. A detergent additive
is normally used in conjunction with a dispersant additive.
Friction modifiers.
Friction modifiers are typically used in engine oils and automatic
transmission fluids to alter the friction between engine and transmission
components. In engines, the emphasis is on lowering friction to improve
fuel economy.
In transmissions, the focus is on improving the engagement
of the clutch materials. Friction modifiers can be thought of as
anti-wear additives for lower loads that are not activated by contact
temperatures.
Viscosity index improvers.
Viscosity index improvers are very large polymer additives
that partially prevent the oil from thinning out (losing viscosity) as the
temperature increases. These additives are used extensively when blending
multi-grade engine oils such as SAE 5W-30 or SAE 15W-40.
They are also responsible for better oil flow at low
temperatures, resulting in reduction in wear and improved fuel economy.
In addition, VI improvers are used to achieve high-VI hydraulic and gear oils
for improved start-up and lubrication at low temperatures.
To visualize how a VI-improver additive functions, think of
the VI improver as an octopus or coil spring that stays coiled up in a ball at
low temperatures and has very little effect on the oil
viscosity.
Then, as the temperature rises, the additive (or octopus)
expands or extends its arms (making it larger) and prevents the oil from
thinning out too much at high temperatures.
VI improvers do have a couple of negative features.
The additives are large (high molecular weight) polymers, which makes them
susceptible to being chopped or cut up into small pieces by machine components
(shearing forces). Gears are notoriously hard on VI-improver
additives.
Permanent shearing of the VI-improver additive can cause
significant viscosity losses, which can be detected with oil analysis.
A second form of viscosity loss occurs due to high shearing forces in the load
zone of frictional surfaces (e.g., in journal bearings).
It is thought that the VI-improver additive loses its shape
or uniform orientation and therefore loses some of its thickening
ability.
The viscosity of the oil temporarily drops within the load
zone and then rebounds to its normal viscosity after it leaves the load
zone. This characteristic actually aids in the reduction of fuel
consumption.
There are several different types of VI
improvers (olefin copolymers are common). High-quality VI improvers are
less susceptible to permanent shear loss than low-cost, low-quality VI
improvers
Demulsifiers
Demulsifier additives
prevent the formation of a stable oil-water mixture or an emulsion by changing
the interfacial tension of the oil so that water will coalesce and separate
more readily from the oil. This is an important characteristic for
lubricants exposed to steam or water so that free water can settle out and be
easily drained off at a reservoir.
Emulsifiers
Emulsifiers are used
in oil-water-based metal-working fluids and fire-resistant fluids to help create a stable oil-water emulsion. The emulsifier
additive can be thought of as a glue binding the oil and water together,
because normally they would like to separate from each other due to interfacial
tension and differences in specific gravity
Pour Point Depressants
The pour point of an oil is approximately the lowest
temperature at which an oil will remain fluid. Wax crystals that form in
paraffinic mineral oils crystallize (become solid) at low temperatures.
The solid crystals form a lattice network that inhibits the remaining liquid
oil from flowing.
The additives in this group reduce the size of the wax
crystals in the oil and their interaction with each other, allowing the oil to
continue to flow at low temperatures.
ACPA
are working mainly in the field of lubricant additives either Crankcase
Packages or Industrial ones. Also, ACPA can produce lubricant oils with
all API grades , and in different SAE grades. Our products are based on
additive packages of global international companies like : Infineum,
Lubrizol, Rhein Chemie, Additive Chemie, ….etc.
For Crankcase
ACPA have different API grades either for high tear grades or low tear ones.
Diesel
API (CD, CF/SF, CI4/SL, CF4, CH4, CG4… etc)
Gasoline
API (SF, SL/CF, SC/CC…. etc)
In SAE (mono grade 40&50) and (multi grade 15W/40, 20W/50, 25W/50).
Also, we have additives for gear oil in different API, with different SAE.
Gear
API (GL3, GL4, GL5, MT1)
In SAE (mono grade 90 & 140) and in (multi grade 85W/90, 80W/140).
For Industrial
ACPA have additive packages, and lubricant oils for different applications of industry like:
Hydraulic Oil: - (Which approved by CM P68, P69, P70 & Dension HF0, HF1, and HF2 & Vickers I-286S).
Turbine
Oil :- (Which approved by DIN 51515, part 1(L-TD), BS 489, Brown Boveri
HTGD 90117, US Steel
120).
Compressor Oil :- (Which approved by DIN
51506 (VBL, VCL, VDL); ISO/DP 6521 (DAA, DAB, DAH,
DAG).
In different ISO VG (32, 37, 46, 68, 100, 150)Gear Oil: - (Which approved by US Steel 224, AGMA 250.04, AGMA 9005- D94). In different ISO VG (220, 320, 440). Metal
working Fluids: are used in the metal working in the field of Iron,
Aluminum, Copper industries in different applications like: Broaching,
Punching
Die casting, Drawing, Grinding, Cutting, and Drilling.
Automatic Transmission Fluid
ACPA have
different products use in automatic transmissions, power steering
units and certain manual transmissions; it is usually operated through
wide temperature range without fluid changes. ACPA ATF products are
qualified by general motors cooperation and Ford type CJ and also,
Allison C-3 for transmissions. Moreover, they are used in off high way
transmissions power steering and other hydraulic systems. We are
working with global
international brands for DOTs 3, 4, 5. Our
products have either ABIC or CASE LAB certificates.
Brake Fluids
ACPA
brake fluids are suitable for use in normal motors, vehicles, and
motorcycles of drum and disc type, hydraulic brake and clutch systems.
ACPA brake fluids are high quality brake and clutch fluid, meets the following performance requirements
SAE J 1703 (for DOT 3) & SAE J 1704 (for DOT 4). - FMVSS 116.
We are working with global international brands for DOTs 3, 4, 5. Our products have either ABIC or CASE LAB certificates
Antifreeze and Coolant
antifreeze
Biocides are often added to water-based lubricants to control the growth of bacteria. antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid , protecting a system from the ill effects of ice formation An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature.[1] Because water has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes. Commercially, both the additive (pure concentrate) and the mixture (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase, which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers. Secondarily but not less importantly, most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include different kinds of anti-corrosion and anti-cavitation agents that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear.
What are the different types of antifreeze
There are different types of antifreeze technologies that are found in a rainbow of colors on the shelf at the automotive parts store
Inorganic Acid Technology (IAT)
is the chemical basis for the traditional green antifreeze. IAT contains either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol and is usually fortified with silicate or phosphate additives. These are quick-acting corrosion inhibitors that provide protection for the metal components of the cooling system. IAT coolants are generally recommended for replacement every three years or 36,000 miles.
Organic Acid Technology (OAT)
is an Extended Life Coolant (ELC) that is usually ethylene glycol based and does not usually contain silicates or phosphates like the IAT. Rather, it contains ingredients such as sebacate, 2-ethylhexanoic (2-EHA) and other organic acids. The corrosion inhibitors in OAT are slower acting but much longer-lived that in IAT. OAT is excellent for aluminum and cast iron components but not usually for copper or brass radiators in older systems. It is generally recommended for replacement every five years or 150,000 miles.
Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT)
combines IAT and OAT by using organic acids, but not 2-EHA. Small doses of silicates are added to provide quick-acting protection for aluminum surfaces. As HOAT antifreeze ages some of the silicates may drop out of the solution leaving abrasive particles circulating in the cooling system. This can speed up the wear on water pump seals and other plastic components. To avoid these problems, most HOAT antifreezes use stabilizers to keep the silicates in the solution, and they contain only a small amount of silicates. The generally recommended replacement interval is five years or 150,000 miles.
Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology
P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue.
Silicate hybrid organic acid technology
Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in European makes and is often dyed pink. If you top off your coolant with a different type than what is there, it will probably shorten the life of the antifreeze in your vehicle, meaning you should flush your cooling system sooner than recommended. After flushing the system, refill it with a single type of antifreeze that is recommended by the manufacturer and continue with the proper maintenance.
Coolant
ACPA
coolants are blend of premium ingredients and modern technology that
increase the wetting ability of water and thereby increasing the
transfer of heat from metal parts to the engines coolant.
ACPA coolants have the following features:-
Reduces Maintenance Cost
Protects Water Pump and Seal
Increase Cooling System Efficiency
Give Proper Thermostat Operation
Prolong Engine Life
Prevents Radiator Corrosion
Benzalkonium chloride
Glutraldehyde
Formaldehyde
Cyclohexanone
Sodium Lauryl Ethyl Sulphate
Methyl Isobutyl Kenton
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isobutyl Alcohol
Non-Anionic Surfactant (NP9)
N-Butyl Acetate
Sample text. Click to select the Trisodium Phosphate
Sodium hexameta phosphate
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium metabisulfite
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphoric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium nitritebox. Click again or double click to start editing the text.